Volkswirtschaft - Open Access LMU - Teil 01/03 Archiv
250 Episoden
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Marshall's notion of the representative firm can be read as a macro notion with some resemblance to Keynes' aggregative concepts. Keynes' notions of aggregate demand and aggregate supply are fashioned after Marshall's definitions of demand and supply. Keynes starts with the Marshallian equilibrium notion. The main innovation of Keynes--a conception of macroeconomic analysis as distinct from microeconomic analysis--may be understood as a particular application of Marshall's moving equilibrium method.
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Actual wages typically exceed collectively set standard wages. Standard wages are, therefore, not binding, yet they seem to influence actual wages strongly. An explanation for this phenomenon is offered along the lines of the Fair Wage/Effort Hypothesis proposed by G. Akerlof and J. Yellen (1990). It is argued that it is precisely when collectively set wages are relatively unimportant for perceptions of fairness at the firm level, that large wage mark-ups emerge. The general point seems to be that the results of economic modeling may react very sensitively to the customary suppression of "non-economic" factors.
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Although it is not possible, in general, to give a macro description of a micro model over the entire state space of the micro model, it is possible to aggregate exactly over a subspace. The set of micro states where aggregation is possible forms the aggregation set. The paper considers the local (linear) case. The macro model is chosen such that it gives rise to an aggregation set which is approached by the micro movements as fast as possible. The inferred macro model describes trajectories of the aggregate quantities towards which the "true" trajectories of these quantities, as generated by the micro model, are tending
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