Giants Shoulder Archiv
173 Episoden
2 Stunden 6 Minuten
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Dr Robin Carhart-Harris is the world's leading psychedelic researcher, founder of the first Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London, and the scientist who put the first person on LSD inside a brain scanner in over 40 years.
His Entropic Brain Hypothesis proposes that consciousness exists on a spectrum from order to chaos — and that psychedelics work by dissolving the brain's confidence in its own model of reality. His landmark trial in the New England Journal of Medicine showed two doses of psilocybin matched six weeks of antidepressants for depression.
Expect to learn why psychedelics don't activate the brain but scramble it, what the entropic brain hypothesis actually means and why entropy may be the best biomarker for consciousness, how the default mode network holds your ego together and what happens when psychedelics melt it, the difference between DMT entity encounters and 5-MeO-DMT ego obliteration, why Robin thinks we could still get psychedelic medicine catastrophically wrong, and much more
…
Timestamps:
00:00 Introduction to Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris
03:01 The Journey into Psychedelics
06:10 First Brain Scans with Psychedelics
12:06 Understanding Brain Activity and Psychedelics
17:49 The Entropic Brain Theory
24:02 Consciousness and Brain Entropy
30:10 Decoding Conscious Experience
40:49 Exploring the Entropic Brain Model
45:24 The Limits of Consciousness and Ego
50:11 Psychedelics and Evolutionary Perspectives
53:31 Shared Psychedelic Experiences and Archetypes
01:00:06 The Nature of Hallucinations and Collective Unconscious
01:04:34 Entropy, Connectivity, and Brain Function
01:17:02 The Role of Serotonin Receptors in Psychedelic Experiences
01:20:46 The Mechanisms of Psychedelics
01:30:18 Cultural Perspectives on Psychedelics
01:39:13 Psychedelics and Self-Understanding
01:48:36 Cross-Cultural Studies in Psychedelic Research
01:53:25 The Future of Psychedelics in Mental Health
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Dr Robin Carhart-Harris is the world's leading psychedelic researcher, founder of the first Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London, and the scientist who put the first person on LSD inside a brain scanner in over 40 years.
His Entropic Brain Hypothesis proposes that consciousness exists on a spectrum from order to chaos — and that psychedelics work by dissolving the brain's confidence in its own model of reality. His landmark trial in the New England Journal of Medicine showed two doses of psilocybin matched six weeks of antidepressants for depression.
Expect to learn why psychedelics don't activate the brain but scramble it, what the entropic brain hypothesis actually means and why entropy may be the best biomarker for consciousness, how the default mode network holds your ego together and what happens when psychedelics melt it, the difference between DMT entity encounters and 5-MeO-DMT ego obliteration, why Robin thinks we could still get psychedelic medicine catastrophically wrong, and much more
…
Timestamps:
00:00 Introduction to Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris
03:01 The Journey into Psychedelics
06:10 First Brain Scans with Psychedelics
12:06 Understanding Brain Activity and Psychedelics
17:49 The Entropic Brain Theory
24:02 Consciousness and Brain Entropy
30:10 Decoding Conscious Experience
40:49 Exploring the Entropic Brain Model
45:24 The Limits of Consciousness and Ego
50:11 Psychedelics and Evolutionary Perspectives
53:31 Shared Psychedelic Experiences and Archetypes
01:00:06 The Nature of Hallucinations and Collective Unconscious
01:04:34 Entropy, Connectivity, and Brain Function
01:17:02 The Role of Serotonin Receptors in Psychedelic Experiences
01:20:46 The Mechanisms of Psychedelics
01:30:18 Cultural Perspectives on Psychedelics
01:39:13 Psychedelics and Self-Understanding
01:48:36 Cross-Cultural Studies in Psychedelic Research
01:53:25 The Future of Psychedelics in Mental Health
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 24 Minuten
Peter Brannen is an award-winning science journalist and the author of The Story of CO₂ Is the Story of Everything — a mind-bending journey through deep time that reveals how a single molecule shaped life, climate, intelligence, and mass extinction.
Carbon dioxide isn’t just a climate statistic. It’s the raw material of all biology, the original building block of your brain, and the molecule that has repeatedly rebooted life on Earth. Understanding it means rethinking everything from the origin of life to the future of civilization.Expect to learn how CO₂ helped spark the first cells at the bottom of ancient oceans, why hydrothermal vents may hold the key to alien life, how volcanoes rewrote evolution, the truth about the most catastrophic extinction in Earth’s history, how CO₂ shaped your metabolism, brain and the rise of humans, why mass extinctions can reboot evolution, why today’s climate experiment is unlike anything in the fossil record, why the planet has a natural thermostat — and how we’re breaking it, why life might be a universal process of energy dissipation, how the story of Earth challenges our ideas of uniqueness, and much more
Timestamps:
02:14 How CO₂ Became the Most Misunderstood Molecule on Earth
07:31 Life as a Carbon-Fueled Energy Dissipation Machine12:45 The Origins of Life and the Vents That May Have Sparked It
19:08 Why Mass Extinctions Keep Rewriting Life’s Blueprint
26:27 CO₂ as Climate Stabilizer — Until It Isn’t
35:40 What the Permian Extinction Tells Us About the Future
42:55 Deep Time and the Psychology of Geological Thinking
49:18 Why the Anthropocene Might Be a Cosmic Joke
55:36 How Life Changes the Planet — And Gets Changed in Return
01:04:02 The Story of CO₂ as the Story of Everything
01:10:15 Is Earth’s Climate Crisis a Rehearsal of Past Catastrophes?
01:15:49 Carbon, Consciousness, and Why We’re Here to Begin With
01:22:06 What Would a Geologist See If They Dug Up 2024?01:27:31 Hope, Humility, and What Deep Time Teaches Us
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Carbon dioxide isn’t just a climate statistic. It’s the raw material of all biology, the original building block of your brain, and the molecule that has repeatedly rebooted life on Earth. Understanding it means rethinking everything from the origin of life to the future of civilization.Expect to learn how CO₂ helped spark the first cells at the bottom of ancient oceans, why hydrothermal vents may hold the key to alien life, how volcanoes rewrote evolution, the truth about the most catastrophic extinction in Earth’s history, how CO₂ shaped your metabolism, brain and the rise of humans, why mass extinctions can reboot evolution, why today’s climate experiment is unlike anything in the fossil record, why the planet has a natural thermostat — and how we’re breaking it, why life might be a universal process of energy dissipation, how the story of Earth challenges our ideas of uniqueness, and much more
Timestamps:
02:14 How CO₂ Became the Most Misunderstood Molecule on Earth
07:31 Life as a Carbon-Fueled Energy Dissipation Machine12:45 The Origins of Life and the Vents That May Have Sparked It
19:08 Why Mass Extinctions Keep Rewriting Life’s Blueprint
26:27 CO₂ as Climate Stabilizer — Until It Isn’t
35:40 What the Permian Extinction Tells Us About the Future
42:55 Deep Time and the Psychology of Geological Thinking
49:18 Why the Anthropocene Might Be a Cosmic Joke
55:36 How Life Changes the Planet — And Gets Changed in Return
01:04:02 The Story of CO₂ as the Story of Everything
01:10:15 Is Earth’s Climate Crisis a Rehearsal of Past Catastrophes?
01:15:49 Carbon, Consciousness, and Why We’re Here to Begin With
01:22:06 What Would a Geologist See If They Dug Up 2024?01:27:31 Hope, Humility, and What Deep Time Teaches Us
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 46 Minuten
Dr. Erik Bekkers is an associate professor in Geometric Deep Learning at the University of Amsterdam, an ELLIS Program Director, and one of the most original thinkers working at the intersection of mathematics, AI and consciousness.
He reverse-engineered how the human visual cortex processes reality using the geometry of curved spaces — then used those same principles to build AI architectures that outperform standard deep learning. He recently published a paper arguing that AI will never be conscious, introducing a framework called Biological Idealism.
Expect to learn why your brain lifts reality into a higher-dimensional space just to see a straight line, what autopoiesis is and why it might be the dividing line for consciousness, why psychedelics decreasing brain activity while increasing experience is a problem for materialism, why firing neurons are an appearance of experience not the cause of it, why AI leaders claiming machines might be conscious is dangerous, and much more
...
Timestamps:
00:00 Why Erik Wrote the Biological Idealism Paper
02:00 The Materialist Bias in Society
04:23 Does a Machine Have Consciousness?
06:29 Can You Be a Materialist and Value Experience?
08:24 The Map vs The Terrain: What is Matter Really?
11:03 Bernardo Kastrup and the Path to Idealism
14:11 Psychedelics: Less Brain Activity, More Experience?
15:57 The Idealist Explanation of Neural Correlates
19:54 What Primes Someone Towards Idealism or Materialism?
24:17 Autopoiesis: The Self-Creation of Life
27:32 How Autopoiesis Works in an Idealist Framework
33:30 Where Physicalism and Idealism Actually Agree
41:15 Finding Common Ground Across Metaphysics
47:17 Why Are Some Creatures More Conscious Than Others?
50:18 Donut-Shaped Geometry in Brain Activity
54:46 Can Mathematics Ever Model Consciousness?
59:33 The Geometry of Experiences Explained
01:04:31 Continuity of Brain Structures Across the Animal Kingdom
01:06:03 Can We Make a Machine Autopoietic?
01:09:37 The Robot That Plugs Itself In: Is That Consciousness?
01:14:00 What Would You Do With 100 Billion Dollars?
01:20:20 Will We Ever See a Conscious Machine?
01:24:11 AI Propaganda and Emotional Manipulation
01:27:56 Hinton and Amodei: Is It Dangerous to Call AI Conscious?
01:31:43 The Ethics of Machine Consciousness Research
01:35:39 Animal Suffering, AI Spending and Asking the Right Questions
01:38:10 Closing Thoughts and Anna Ciaunica's Influence
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
He reverse-engineered how the human visual cortex processes reality using the geometry of curved spaces — then used those same principles to build AI architectures that outperform standard deep learning. He recently published a paper arguing that AI will never be conscious, introducing a framework called Biological Idealism.
Expect to learn why your brain lifts reality into a higher-dimensional space just to see a straight line, what autopoiesis is and why it might be the dividing line for consciousness, why psychedelics decreasing brain activity while increasing experience is a problem for materialism, why firing neurons are an appearance of experience not the cause of it, why AI leaders claiming machines might be conscious is dangerous, and much more
...
Timestamps:
00:00 Why Erik Wrote the Biological Idealism Paper
02:00 The Materialist Bias in Society
04:23 Does a Machine Have Consciousness?
06:29 Can You Be a Materialist and Value Experience?
08:24 The Map vs The Terrain: What is Matter Really?
11:03 Bernardo Kastrup and the Path to Idealism
14:11 Psychedelics: Less Brain Activity, More Experience?
15:57 The Idealist Explanation of Neural Correlates
19:54 What Primes Someone Towards Idealism or Materialism?
24:17 Autopoiesis: The Self-Creation of Life
27:32 How Autopoiesis Works in an Idealist Framework
33:30 Where Physicalism and Idealism Actually Agree
41:15 Finding Common Ground Across Metaphysics
47:17 Why Are Some Creatures More Conscious Than Others?
50:18 Donut-Shaped Geometry in Brain Activity
54:46 Can Mathematics Ever Model Consciousness?
59:33 The Geometry of Experiences Explained
01:04:31 Continuity of Brain Structures Across the Animal Kingdom
01:06:03 Can We Make a Machine Autopoietic?
01:09:37 The Robot That Plugs Itself In: Is That Consciousness?
01:14:00 What Would You Do With 100 Billion Dollars?
01:20:20 Will We Ever See a Conscious Machine?
01:24:11 AI Propaganda and Emotional Manipulation
01:27:56 Hinton and Amodei: Is It Dangerous to Call AI Conscious?
01:31:43 The Ethics of Machine Consciousness Research
01:35:39 Animal Suffering, AI Spending and Asking the Right Questions
01:38:10 Closing Thoughts and Anna Ciaunica's Influence
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
#104 GIANT'S DEBATE - Whats The SECRET to Engineering Artificial Consciousness? Cognition Vs Feeling
1 Stunde 51 Minuten
Welcome to Giant Conversations — a new format where top experts debate, discuss and unravel the biggest questions in science. Dr. Mark Solms is a neuropsychologist, psychoanalyst and author of The Hidden Spring. Dr. Ryan Smith is a computational neuroscientist at the Laureate Institute for Brain Research who builds mathematical models of how the brain predicts and feels.
Together they tackle the question: what does it take for a system to become conscious — and can we engineer it?
Expect to learn why consciousness might be raw feeling rather than complex cognition, why your cortex may not actually be conscious, what's architecturally missing from current AI that rules out consciousness, what a machine would need to genuinely feel something, where these two brilliant scientists agree and exactly where they clash, and much more…
Timestamps:
00:01 Introduction to the Giant's Debate
00:46 Mark Solms: What Makes a System Conscious?
05:31 Ryan Smith: The Cognitive Case for Consciousness
13:02 Where Mark and Ryan Agree and Disagree
17:32 The Selection Problem: What Gets to Be Conscious?
27:07 Can We Scientifically Prove Something Is Conscious?
30:02 Blindsight: Behaviour Without Experience
34:20 The Fish on Cocaine Problem
41:25 Different Meanings of Consciousness
54:57 How the Free Energy Principle Explains Consciousness
01:03:02 Ryan Smith: Taking Consciousness Out of Biology
01:12:17 How Do You Give a Computer Survival Needs?
01:18:20 The Brain in a Vat: Does the Body Actually Matter?
01:19:59 What Would Prove AI Is Conscious?
01:22:32 Mark Solms: Why He Believes We Can Build Consciousness
01:27:25 Why Current LLMs Have Zero Consciousness
01:30:36 Mark's Final Word: Goals Must Be Real
01:31:15 Rapid Fire with Ryan Smith
01:37:52 The Neuron Replacement Thought Experiment
01:42:10 Computation vs Architecture: A Middle Ground
01:44:06 Final Thoughts
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Together they tackle the question: what does it take for a system to become conscious — and can we engineer it?
Expect to learn why consciousness might be raw feeling rather than complex cognition, why your cortex may not actually be conscious, what's architecturally missing from current AI that rules out consciousness, what a machine would need to genuinely feel something, where these two brilliant scientists agree and exactly where they clash, and much more…
Timestamps:
00:01 Introduction to the Giant's Debate
00:46 Mark Solms: What Makes a System Conscious?
05:31 Ryan Smith: The Cognitive Case for Consciousness
13:02 Where Mark and Ryan Agree and Disagree
17:32 The Selection Problem: What Gets to Be Conscious?
27:07 Can We Scientifically Prove Something Is Conscious?
30:02 Blindsight: Behaviour Without Experience
34:20 The Fish on Cocaine Problem
41:25 Different Meanings of Consciousness
54:57 How the Free Energy Principle Explains Consciousness
01:03:02 Ryan Smith: Taking Consciousness Out of Biology
01:12:17 How Do You Give a Computer Survival Needs?
01:18:20 The Brain in a Vat: Does the Body Actually Matter?
01:19:59 What Would Prove AI Is Conscious?
01:22:32 Mark Solms: Why He Believes We Can Build Consciousness
01:27:25 Why Current LLMs Have Zero Consciousness
01:30:36 Mark's Final Word: Goals Must Be Real
01:31:15 Rapid Fire with Ryan Smith
01:37:52 The Neuron Replacement Thought Experiment
01:42:10 Computation vs Architecture: A Middle Ground
01:44:06 Final Thoughts
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 38 Minuten
Chris Frith is a pioneering neuroscientist who helped launch the field of cognitive neuroscience — and his work has completely changed how we understand reality, consciousness, and mental illness.In this episode, you’ll learn why perception is just a controlled hallucination, how our brains build reality through social connection, why people with schizophrenia see the world differently, how consciousness evolved to help us coordinate with others, and why your sense of self might be an illusion shared to stay sane.
Timestamps:
02:12 What Is Consciousness? A Brain-Built Social Model
06:34 Predictive Processing and Why You Never Really See the World
11:29 Controlled Hallucinations: How the Brain Manufactures Reality
16:45 Optical Illusions, Schizophrenia, and Seeing Too Much
21:08 What Schizophrenia Teaches Us About the Nature of Belief
27:10 Social Models, Sanity, and the Idea of a Collective Mind
32:43 Consciousness as a Social Adaptation — Not a Solo Experience
38:50 Generative Models and the Brain’s Simulation Engine
45:02 Why Solitude Breaks the Mind and Social Sync Holds It Together
50:31 Can AI Be Conscious? What’s Missing From Machines
56:07 Free Will, Agency and the Brain’s Self-Narrative
01:00:45 The Myth of a Single Reality: Delusions, Politics and Group Models
01:06:58 Consciousness, Intelligence, and the AI Illusion
01:11:41 Why the Self Is Just a Useful Story
01:17:09 Do Octopuses Have Consciousness?
01:21:16 Where Does the Line Fall Between Conscious and Not?01:25:20 Frith’s Thoughts on the Future of Consciousness Research
01:30:03 AI, Prediction, and the Limits of Machine Minds
01:34:38 Final Reflections: Social Brains, Sanity, and Shared Reality
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Timestamps:
02:12 What Is Consciousness? A Brain-Built Social Model
06:34 Predictive Processing and Why You Never Really See the World
11:29 Controlled Hallucinations: How the Brain Manufactures Reality
16:45 Optical Illusions, Schizophrenia, and Seeing Too Much
21:08 What Schizophrenia Teaches Us About the Nature of Belief
27:10 Social Models, Sanity, and the Idea of a Collective Mind
32:43 Consciousness as a Social Adaptation — Not a Solo Experience
38:50 Generative Models and the Brain’s Simulation Engine
45:02 Why Solitude Breaks the Mind and Social Sync Holds It Together
50:31 Can AI Be Conscious? What’s Missing From Machines
56:07 Free Will, Agency and the Brain’s Self-Narrative
01:00:45 The Myth of a Single Reality: Delusions, Politics and Group Models
01:06:58 Consciousness, Intelligence, and the AI Illusion
01:11:41 Why the Self Is Just a Useful Story
01:17:09 Do Octopuses Have Consciousness?
01:21:16 Where Does the Line Fall Between Conscious and Not?01:25:20 Frith’s Thoughts on the Future of Consciousness Research
01:30:03 AI, Prediction, and the Limits of Machine Minds
01:34:38 Final Reflections: Social Brains, Sanity, and Shared Reality
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 58 Minuten
William B. Miller Jr. is a Medical Doctor, Evolutionary Biologist, and author of Bioverse and co-author of The Sentient Cell — one of the most radical rethinks of biology published in decades.
Every cell in your body is conscious, intelligent, and making decisions right now. Evolution is not random. Cancer is not a genetic accident — it's a highly intelligent system we've been fighting completely wrong. And the central dogma of molecular biology, the foundation of modern medicine, is broken.Expect to learn why biology begins with intelligence not chemistry, why every cell has preferences goals and experiences, why natural selection is only half the story, how cancer cells are intelligent agents and why that changes everything about treatment, why genes are tools not bosses, why consciousness can never exist in silicon alone, and much more
Timestamps:
00:00:00 Introduction & The Biology Revolution Nobody Is Talking About
00:01:40 Biology Begins With the Intelligent Measuring Cell
00:05:09 Cognition All the Way Down: Is Even mTOR a Smart Molecule?
00:07:20 Are Viruses Intelligent? The Strange World of Social Virology
00:09:39 Defining Intelligence, Cognition and Consciousness
00:16:09 What Is True Biological Agency and Where Does It Begin?
00:17:20 The Constructal Law and The Biogenic Principle
00:21:09 What Separates a Biological Agent From a Machine
00:24:51 Free Will, Doubt and Why Miller Would Refuse To Stop Believing In Agency
00:28:20 The Stem Cell That Searches For Its Identity
00:44:55 The Toxoplasmosis Moment: The Medical Observation That Changed Everything
00:50:21 Slime Mould vs Water: How Do We Separate Agency From Gradient Descent?
00:53:49 Why We Stopped Having Children: States of Preference Are Running Evolution
00:56:06 Where Is Preference Encoded in a Cell?
01:03:30 The Senome: The Sensory Organ That Replaces Gene-Centric Biology
01:07:17 Why Crick's Central Dogma Was Wrong: Information Never Flows One Way
01:10:23 The Six Cellular Principles That Should Govern Human Ethics01:14:47 How Single Cell Consciousness Becomes One Unified Experience
01:18:16 Symbiogenesis, Mitochondria and The Birth of the Eukaryotic Cell
01:20:36 Why It Took 1.4 Billion Years For Multicellular Life To Appear01:28:09 Cognitive Selection: The Real Driver of Evolution
01:34:02 Michael Levin, Morphogenesis and Where the Body's Blueprint Actually Lives
01:39:47 You Never Truly Die: Your Intelligence Flows Back Into the River of Life
01:43:30 What Does All This Mean For Medicine, Biotech and Society?
01:45:50 Why Cancer Is Intelligent and We Are Fighting It Wrong
01:48:31 AI Cannot Be Conscious — And That Might Make It a Better Tool
01:49:21 The Future: Marrying AI to Conscious Biological Cells
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Every cell in your body is conscious, intelligent, and making decisions right now. Evolution is not random. Cancer is not a genetic accident — it's a highly intelligent system we've been fighting completely wrong. And the central dogma of molecular biology, the foundation of modern medicine, is broken.Expect to learn why biology begins with intelligence not chemistry, why every cell has preferences goals and experiences, why natural selection is only half the story, how cancer cells are intelligent agents and why that changes everything about treatment, why genes are tools not bosses, why consciousness can never exist in silicon alone, and much more
Timestamps:
00:00:00 Introduction & The Biology Revolution Nobody Is Talking About
00:01:40 Biology Begins With the Intelligent Measuring Cell
00:05:09 Cognition All the Way Down: Is Even mTOR a Smart Molecule?
00:07:20 Are Viruses Intelligent? The Strange World of Social Virology
00:09:39 Defining Intelligence, Cognition and Consciousness
00:16:09 What Is True Biological Agency and Where Does It Begin?
00:17:20 The Constructal Law and The Biogenic Principle
00:21:09 What Separates a Biological Agent From a Machine
00:24:51 Free Will, Doubt and Why Miller Would Refuse To Stop Believing In Agency
00:28:20 The Stem Cell That Searches For Its Identity
00:44:55 The Toxoplasmosis Moment: The Medical Observation That Changed Everything
00:50:21 Slime Mould vs Water: How Do We Separate Agency From Gradient Descent?
00:53:49 Why We Stopped Having Children: States of Preference Are Running Evolution
00:56:06 Where Is Preference Encoded in a Cell?
01:03:30 The Senome: The Sensory Organ That Replaces Gene-Centric Biology
01:07:17 Why Crick's Central Dogma Was Wrong: Information Never Flows One Way
01:10:23 The Six Cellular Principles That Should Govern Human Ethics01:14:47 How Single Cell Consciousness Becomes One Unified Experience
01:18:16 Symbiogenesis, Mitochondria and The Birth of the Eukaryotic Cell
01:20:36 Why It Took 1.4 Billion Years For Multicellular Life To Appear01:28:09 Cognitive Selection: The Real Driver of Evolution
01:34:02 Michael Levin, Morphogenesis and Where the Body's Blueprint Actually Lives
01:39:47 You Never Truly Die: Your Intelligence Flows Back Into the River of Life
01:43:30 What Does All This Mean For Medicine, Biotech and Society?
01:45:50 Why Cancer Is Intelligent and We Are Fighting It Wrong
01:48:31 AI Cannot Be Conscious — And That Might Make It a Better Tool
01:49:21 The Future: Marrying AI to Conscious Biological Cells
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
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Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 40 Minuten
Dr. Julian Barbour is an independent theoretical physicist who has spent over sixty years working from a 17th-century farmhouse in Oxfordshire on the deepest question in physics — what is time? His answer: it doesn't exist.
He completed the project Newton declared impossible and Einstein never finished, built two bestselling books around it, and at 88 remains one of the most original thinkers alive.Expect to learn why the Wheeler-DeWitt equation implies the universe is frozen and nothing evolves, what Shape Dynamics is and why only ratios and relations are real, why your brain is a "time capsule" containing the complete illusion of a past, how consciousness might add all the colour and motion to a bare mathematical skeleton, why Newton's gravity might secretly be a theory of variety, and why Barbour believes quantum mechanics itself could be replaceable, and much more
…
Timestamps:
00:00:00 What Is Time? Julian Barbour's Life Question
00:03:07 Weather Observer in the Canadian Arctic
00:05:31 The Dirac Article That Changed Everything
00:08:28 Phoning Paul Dirac at Cambridge
00:12:23 Why Dirac Rejected Four-Dimensional Spacetime
00:15:28 Hamilton, Quaternions and the Dublin Bridge
00:19:36 The Straw Poll with Hawking That Made Spanish Headlines
00:22:08 The Titanic Analogy for the Problem of Time
00:27:26 What the Wheeler-DeWitt Equation Actually Says
00:31:00 Time Capsules: Why Your Memories Don't Prove Time Passed
00:35:03 Flow States and the Experience of Time
00:37:08 The Kingfisher in Flight: Consciousness Plays the Movie
00:40:47 Psychedelics, Pollan and Consciousness
00:44:13 Materialism vs Idealism: Where Does Barbour Stand?
00:48:33 Complex Wavefunctions and the Born Density
00:53:16 The Three-Body Collision Problem
00:55:33 Leibniz, Monads and the Living Mirror of the Universe
00:58:10 "I Am the Universe Seen from My Point of View"
01:04:01 The Punchline: Gravity Equals Variety
01:08:43 Buzsáki and How the Brain Keeps Time
01:13:46 Did Science Take a Wrong Turn in 150 BC?
01:19:32 Barbour's Ontology: Points, Distances, Ratios — That's It
01:25:34 "Invisible Time Is a Monumental Lie"
01:28:08 What Was There Before the Universe?
01:31:46 Newton's Gravity as a Theory of Recognisability
...
Buy Barbours Books The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics: https://amzn.to/4liP9zy
The Janus Point: A New Theory of Time: https://amzn.to/4bw3ZPI
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
He completed the project Newton declared impossible and Einstein never finished, built two bestselling books around it, and at 88 remains one of the most original thinkers alive.Expect to learn why the Wheeler-DeWitt equation implies the universe is frozen and nothing evolves, what Shape Dynamics is and why only ratios and relations are real, why your brain is a "time capsule" containing the complete illusion of a past, how consciousness might add all the colour and motion to a bare mathematical skeleton, why Newton's gravity might secretly be a theory of variety, and why Barbour believes quantum mechanics itself could be replaceable, and much more
…
Timestamps:
00:00:00 What Is Time? Julian Barbour's Life Question
00:03:07 Weather Observer in the Canadian Arctic
00:05:31 The Dirac Article That Changed Everything
00:08:28 Phoning Paul Dirac at Cambridge
00:12:23 Why Dirac Rejected Four-Dimensional Spacetime
00:15:28 Hamilton, Quaternions and the Dublin Bridge
00:19:36 The Straw Poll with Hawking That Made Spanish Headlines
00:22:08 The Titanic Analogy for the Problem of Time
00:27:26 What the Wheeler-DeWitt Equation Actually Says
00:31:00 Time Capsules: Why Your Memories Don't Prove Time Passed
00:35:03 Flow States and the Experience of Time
00:37:08 The Kingfisher in Flight: Consciousness Plays the Movie
00:40:47 Psychedelics, Pollan and Consciousness
00:44:13 Materialism vs Idealism: Where Does Barbour Stand?
00:48:33 Complex Wavefunctions and the Born Density
00:53:16 The Three-Body Collision Problem
00:55:33 Leibniz, Monads and the Living Mirror of the Universe
00:58:10 "I Am the Universe Seen from My Point of View"
01:04:01 The Punchline: Gravity Equals Variety
01:08:43 Buzsáki and How the Brain Keeps Time
01:13:46 Did Science Take a Wrong Turn in 150 BC?
01:19:32 Barbour's Ontology: Points, Distances, Ratios — That's It
01:25:34 "Invisible Time Is a Monumental Lie"
01:28:08 What Was There Before the Universe?
01:31:46 Newton's Gravity as a Theory of Recognisability
...
Buy Barbours Books The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics: https://amzn.to/4liP9zy
The Janus Point: A New Theory of Time: https://amzn.to/4bw3ZPI
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 20 Minuten
Dr. Michael Timothy Bennett is an award-winning AI researcher at the Australian National University and author of "How to Build Conscious Machines" — a mathematical blueprint for why anything is conscious and what it would take to engineer a machine that truly experiences the world.
Expect to learn why information processing feels like anything at all, how consciousness is built from a hierarchy of selves, why a fly has experience but a slime mold does not, why current AI is fundamentally incapable of consciousness, how cancer is an alignment problem between cells, what building a conscious machine actually requires, and much more
…Timestamps:
00:00 Why Does Information Processing Feel Like Anything?
01:05 The Cosmic Ord: How the Universe Deletes What Doesn't Work
03:59 Where is the Line Between Non-Conscious and Conscious?
05:53 Multi-Scale Competency: Cells, Organs, Organisms, Ecosystems
07:43 The First Order Self: Phenomenal Consciousness Explained
08:27 Access Consciousness: Predicting Your Prediction of Me
13:04 When Do Enough Abstraction Layers Produce Experience?
18:40 Liquid Brains vs Solid Brains: Ant Colonies and Human Networks
21:03 Bioelectricity: How Cells Signal and Cooperate
24:03 Human-AI Hybrids: Prosthetic, Cooperative and Integrated
30:30 Is There a Bottom to the Abstraction Stack?
37:07 Why a Single Thread CPU Will Never Feel Anything
40:56 Feeling Pain vs Knowing You Feel Pain
42:52 Do Dogs Model Your Mind?
46:58 The Paper He Wrote as a Joke That Won Best Student Prize
48:11 Cancer as a Breakdown in Cellular Cooperation
53:22 Why Elephants Don't Get Cancer and What That Means for AI
56:47 How Do You Actually Build a Conscious Machine?
01:01:36 Does a Tesla Robot Have Grounding?
01:04:17 Should We Build Conscious Machines?
01:06:46 If You Design a Robot to Love Cleaning Your Toilet
01:08:25 His Biggest Fears About the Future of AI
01:13:09 The Rise of Anti-Natalism and Losing Hope
01:14:34 The Library of Babel: Why Modern Life Feels Overwhelming
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Expect to learn why information processing feels like anything at all, how consciousness is built from a hierarchy of selves, why a fly has experience but a slime mold does not, why current AI is fundamentally incapable of consciousness, how cancer is an alignment problem between cells, what building a conscious machine actually requires, and much more
…Timestamps:
00:00 Why Does Information Processing Feel Like Anything?
01:05 The Cosmic Ord: How the Universe Deletes What Doesn't Work
03:59 Where is the Line Between Non-Conscious and Conscious?
05:53 Multi-Scale Competency: Cells, Organs, Organisms, Ecosystems
07:43 The First Order Self: Phenomenal Consciousness Explained
08:27 Access Consciousness: Predicting Your Prediction of Me
13:04 When Do Enough Abstraction Layers Produce Experience?
18:40 Liquid Brains vs Solid Brains: Ant Colonies and Human Networks
21:03 Bioelectricity: How Cells Signal and Cooperate
24:03 Human-AI Hybrids: Prosthetic, Cooperative and Integrated
30:30 Is There a Bottom to the Abstraction Stack?
37:07 Why a Single Thread CPU Will Never Feel Anything
40:56 Feeling Pain vs Knowing You Feel Pain
42:52 Do Dogs Model Your Mind?
46:58 The Paper He Wrote as a Joke That Won Best Student Prize
48:11 Cancer as a Breakdown in Cellular Cooperation
53:22 Why Elephants Don't Get Cancer and What That Means for AI
56:47 How Do You Actually Build a Conscious Machine?
01:01:36 Does a Tesla Robot Have Grounding?
01:04:17 Should We Build Conscious Machines?
01:06:46 If You Design a Robot to Love Cleaning Your Toilet
01:08:25 His Biggest Fears About the Future of AI
01:13:09 The Rise of Anti-Natalism and Losing Hope
01:14:34 The Library of Babel: Why Modern Life Feels Overwhelming
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 32 Minuten
Matt Segall is a process philosopher, Associate Professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco, and author of Physics of the World-Soul and Crossing the Threshold — two books arguing that consciousness isn't produced by the brain but is woven into the fabric of reality itself.
Expect to learn why there is no scientific evidence that consciousness exists, how one French philosopher broke Western science in 1637 and we still haven't fixed it, why the brain is a condition for consciousness but not the producer of it, what panpsychism actually claims and why it's making a serious comeback, why the hard problem of consciousness and the origin of life might be the same problem, what it might feel like to be water or a photon, how psychedelics reveal something philosophy has been saying for centuries, and much more…
Timestamps:
00:00 The Nature of Consciousness
02:52 Evidence and Experience
06:09 Consciousness and the Brain
09:09 Emergence vs. Production of Consciousness
12:11 Panpsychism and Process Philosophy
15:08 Information and Consciousness
17:47 Biopsychism and Early Consciousness
21:11 The Hard Problem of Consciousness
24:08 Subjectivity and Objectivity
27:06 The Role of Information in Reality
29:47 Consciousness and the Universe
48:25 The Relational Nature of Truth
51:10 Beyond Space and Time
54:55 The Self in a Panpsychist View
56:30 The Evidence for Panpsychism
01:00:01 Sociological Influences on Worldviews
01:03:34 Psychedelics and Consciousness
01:10:56 Navigating Reality and Hallucination
01:15:13 Falsification and Progress in Panpsychism
01:19:57 The Ethical Implications of Panpsychism
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Expect to learn why there is no scientific evidence that consciousness exists, how one French philosopher broke Western science in 1637 and we still haven't fixed it, why the brain is a condition for consciousness but not the producer of it, what panpsychism actually claims and why it's making a serious comeback, why the hard problem of consciousness and the origin of life might be the same problem, what it might feel like to be water or a photon, how psychedelics reveal something philosophy has been saying for centuries, and much more…
Timestamps:
00:00 The Nature of Consciousness
02:52 Evidence and Experience
06:09 Consciousness and the Brain
09:09 Emergence vs. Production of Consciousness
12:11 Panpsychism and Process Philosophy
15:08 Information and Consciousness
17:47 Biopsychism and Early Consciousness
21:11 The Hard Problem of Consciousness
24:08 Subjectivity and Objectivity
27:06 The Role of Information in Reality
29:47 Consciousness and the Universe
48:25 The Relational Nature of Truth
51:10 Beyond Space and Time
54:55 The Self in a Panpsychist View
56:30 The Evidence for Panpsychism
01:00:01 Sociological Influences on Worldviews
01:03:34 Psychedelics and Consciousness
01:10:56 Navigating Reality and Hallucination
01:15:13 Falsification and Progress in Panpsychism
01:19:57 The Ethical Implications of Panpsychism
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 22 Minuten
Support The Channel:
Get 1 Week Free of ConsensusAi: https://get.consensus.app/giantsshoulder1
Get Professional High Quality Talk Therapy at BetterHelp. 10% off your first month of therapy with this link - https://betterhelp.com/giantsshoulder
Dr. Chris Fields is an independent researcher with one of the most extraordinary careers in modern science — from nuclear physics to decoding the first complete genome to quantum information theory — now collaborating with Michael Levin and Karl Friston to rewrite how we understand life and consciousness.His central claim: nothing in the universe has a real boundary. Every object you see — including yourself — is a decision, not a discovery.
Expect to learn how quantum theory became a theory of communication, why cells might be goal-directed agents, whether bacteria can experience space, and much more...
Timestamps:
00:00 The Evolution of a Scientific Career
02:06 Understanding Boundaries in Science
09:59 Quantum Information Theory Explained
14:55 Neurons and Quantum Communication
40:07 Collaboration and Implications in Biology
40:17 Exploring Biological Systems as Information Processors
43:44 Agentive Thinking in Biology
48:40 Understanding 3D Space Representation in Cells
56:14 Conscious Agent Theory and Information Exchange
01:15:02 Future Directions in Biological Communication Research
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com
️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Get 1 Week Free of ConsensusAi: https://get.consensus.app/giantsshoulder1
Get Professional High Quality Talk Therapy at BetterHelp. 10% off your first month of therapy with this link - https://betterhelp.com/giantsshoulder
Dr. Chris Fields is an independent researcher with one of the most extraordinary careers in modern science — from nuclear physics to decoding the first complete genome to quantum information theory — now collaborating with Michael Levin and Karl Friston to rewrite how we understand life and consciousness.His central claim: nothing in the universe has a real boundary. Every object you see — including yourself — is a decision, not a discovery.
Expect to learn how quantum theory became a theory of communication, why cells might be goal-directed agents, whether bacteria can experience space, and much more...
Timestamps:
00:00 The Evolution of a Scientific Career
02:06 Understanding Boundaries in Science
09:59 Quantum Information Theory Explained
14:55 Neurons and Quantum Communication
40:07 Collaboration and Implications in Biology
40:17 Exploring Biological Systems as Information Processors
43:44 Agentive Thinking in Biology
48:40 Understanding 3D Space Representation in Cells
56:14 Conscious Agent Theory and Information Exchange
01:15:02 Future Directions in Biological Communication Research
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com
️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 38 Minuten
Matt Ridley is an evolutionary biologist, bestselling science writer and author of eleven books including The Red Queen, Genome, The Rational Optimist and Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19.
He co-investigated the origin of SARS-CoV-2 with molecular biologist Alina Chan — and what they found may be the biggest cover-up in the history of science. A secret Pentagon proposal describing the exact genetic manipulation that may have created the pandemic. Private messages showing virologists publicly denying a lab leak while privately admitting they thought it was likely. And an establishment that chose silence while millions died.
Expect to learn what a furin cleavage site is and why it stunned virologists worldwide, what the secret DEFUSE proposal reveals about the experiments happening in Wuhan, why the virus was suspiciously well-adapted to human lungs from day one, what the recently released Epstein files reveal about how a convicted sex offender directed research at Harvard and compromised elite science, why no major funding body has investigated the lab leak despite 25 million deaths, and much more…
Timestamps:
00:00 The Origins of COVID-19: A Lab Leak Theory
03:11 Investigating the Wuhan Institute of Virology
06:00 The Role of Genetic Engineering in Virus Research
09:08 The Furin Cleavage Site: A Key to Infectivity
11:58 The Defuse Proposal: A Shocking Revelation
14:51 The Pangolin Narrative: A Red Herring?
18:10 The Call for Transparency in Science
33:16 Controversies in Virus Origins
35:35 Evaluating Zoonotic Narratives
37:30 The Role of Markets in Virus Transmission
40:22 Lab Leaks vs. Natural Origins
42:05 Genetic Manipulation and Furin Cleavage
44:42 Passaging Theory and Virus Evolution
49:10 Implications of High Infectivity
51:22 Suspicion of Early Vaccine Development
54:48 The Need for Transparency
56:24 The Future of Gain of Function Research
01:00:57 The Lab Leak Hypothesis: Recklessness in Research
01:10:01 Trust in Science: The Impact of COVID-19 on Public PerceptionEpstein
01:20:20 Epstein's Influence: Compromising Science and Ethics
01:23:32 Reforming Science Funding: Addressing Systemic Issues
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
He co-investigated the origin of SARS-CoV-2 with molecular biologist Alina Chan — and what they found may be the biggest cover-up in the history of science. A secret Pentagon proposal describing the exact genetic manipulation that may have created the pandemic. Private messages showing virologists publicly denying a lab leak while privately admitting they thought it was likely. And an establishment that chose silence while millions died.
Expect to learn what a furin cleavage site is and why it stunned virologists worldwide, what the secret DEFUSE proposal reveals about the experiments happening in Wuhan, why the virus was suspiciously well-adapted to human lungs from day one, what the recently released Epstein files reveal about how a convicted sex offender directed research at Harvard and compromised elite science, why no major funding body has investigated the lab leak despite 25 million deaths, and much more…
Timestamps:
00:00 The Origins of COVID-19: A Lab Leak Theory
03:11 Investigating the Wuhan Institute of Virology
06:00 The Role of Genetic Engineering in Virus Research
09:08 The Furin Cleavage Site: A Key to Infectivity
11:58 The Defuse Proposal: A Shocking Revelation
14:51 The Pangolin Narrative: A Red Herring?
18:10 The Call for Transparency in Science
33:16 Controversies in Virus Origins
35:35 Evaluating Zoonotic Narratives
37:30 The Role of Markets in Virus Transmission
40:22 Lab Leaks vs. Natural Origins
42:05 Genetic Manipulation and Furin Cleavage
44:42 Passaging Theory and Virus Evolution
49:10 Implications of High Infectivity
51:22 Suspicion of Early Vaccine Development
54:48 The Need for Transparency
56:24 The Future of Gain of Function Research
01:00:57 The Lab Leak Hypothesis: Recklessness in Research
01:10:01 Trust in Science: The Impact of COVID-19 on Public PerceptionEpstein
01:20:20 Epstein's Influence: Compromising Science and Ethics
01:23:32 Reforming Science Funding: Addressing Systemic Issues
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 50 Minuten
Dr. Stuart Hameroff is an anesthesiologist, consciousness researcher, and co-creator of the Orch-OR theory — a radical and controversial model proposing that consciousness arises from quantum processes inside the brain’s microtubules.
For over 30 years, Dr. Hameroff has worked alongside Sir Roger Penrose to explore how the fundamental fabric of spacetime could give rise to awareness itself — and what that means for AI, life after death, and the mystery of subjective experience.
Expect to learn why microtubules inside neurons might be the real seat of consciousness, how anesthetics switch off awareness by dampening quantum vibrations, what happens to consciousness when the brain flatlines, why current AI models may never be truly conscious, how quantum coherence can persist in the warm, wet brain, what a "quantum soul" might actually mean, why critics have called this theory absurd — and how new research may finally be proving them wrong, how ultrasound could treat depression by targeting the roots of awareness, and much more...
Timestamps:
00:00 The Misconception of the Brain as a Computer
03:00 The Journey to Understanding Consciousness
05:51 Microtubules: The Key to Consciousness
09:00 Anesthesia and Its Role in Consciousness
11:51 The Historical Context of Anesthesia
15:06 The Mechanism of Anesthesia
18:01 The Quantum Nature of Anesthesia
21:06 The Role of Microtubules in Anesthesia
24:00 The Unitary Mechanism of Anesthesia
26:56 The Evidence Supporting Microtubules
30:02 The Future of Anesthesia Research
36:35 The Quest for Consciousness Evidence
37:42 Microtubules and Information Processing
39:15 AI, Neural Networks, and Consciousness
41:09 Roger Penrose and the Heart Problem
42:36 Gödel's Theorem and Quantum Physics
44:03 Superposition and Spacetime Curvature
46:54 Objective Reduction and Consciousness
49:16 Microtubules as Quantum Devices
51:30 Fibonacci Geometry and Consciousness
54:49 Integrating Biology and Physics
57:48 Criticism and Defense of the Theory
01:01:26 The Impact of the 1995 Paper
01:05:02 Decoherence in Biological Systems
01:07:11 Experimental Evidence for Quantum Effects
01:09:46 Conductance and Quantum Effects in Microtubules
01:11:41 Experiments and Anesthesia's Impact on Consciousness
01:14:06 The ORCH-OR Theory and Its Explanatory Power
01:18:41 Integrating ORCH-OR with Other Consciousness Theories
01:27:30 The Mechanism of Consciousness and Quantum Collapse
01:36:11 Free Will, Quantum Mechanics, and Consciousness
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
For over 30 years, Dr. Hameroff has worked alongside Sir Roger Penrose to explore how the fundamental fabric of spacetime could give rise to awareness itself — and what that means for AI, life after death, and the mystery of subjective experience.
Expect to learn why microtubules inside neurons might be the real seat of consciousness, how anesthetics switch off awareness by dampening quantum vibrations, what happens to consciousness when the brain flatlines, why current AI models may never be truly conscious, how quantum coherence can persist in the warm, wet brain, what a "quantum soul" might actually mean, why critics have called this theory absurd — and how new research may finally be proving them wrong, how ultrasound could treat depression by targeting the roots of awareness, and much more...
Timestamps:
00:00 The Misconception of the Brain as a Computer
03:00 The Journey to Understanding Consciousness
05:51 Microtubules: The Key to Consciousness
09:00 Anesthesia and Its Role in Consciousness
11:51 The Historical Context of Anesthesia
15:06 The Mechanism of Anesthesia
18:01 The Quantum Nature of Anesthesia
21:06 The Role of Microtubules in Anesthesia
24:00 The Unitary Mechanism of Anesthesia
26:56 The Evidence Supporting Microtubules
30:02 The Future of Anesthesia Research
36:35 The Quest for Consciousness Evidence
37:42 Microtubules and Information Processing
39:15 AI, Neural Networks, and Consciousness
41:09 Roger Penrose and the Heart Problem
42:36 Gödel's Theorem and Quantum Physics
44:03 Superposition and Spacetime Curvature
46:54 Objective Reduction and Consciousness
49:16 Microtubules as Quantum Devices
51:30 Fibonacci Geometry and Consciousness
54:49 Integrating Biology and Physics
57:48 Criticism and Defense of the Theory
01:01:26 The Impact of the 1995 Paper
01:05:02 Decoherence in Biological Systems
01:07:11 Experimental Evidence for Quantum Effects
01:09:46 Conductance and Quantum Effects in Microtubules
01:11:41 Experiments and Anesthesia's Impact on Consciousness
01:14:06 The ORCH-OR Theory and Its Explanatory Power
01:18:41 Integrating ORCH-OR with Other Consciousness Theories
01:27:30 The Mechanism of Consciousness and Quantum Collapse
01:36:11 Free Will, Quantum Mechanics, and Consciousness
...
Email for sponsorship enquiries: evan@thegiantsshoulder.com ️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA
Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249
Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
2 Stunden 24 Minuten
Philip Ball is a former Nature editor of 20 years and the author of over 30 books spanning quantum physics, consciousness, and the strange frontiers of biology. In How Life Works, he argues that everything we’ve been taught about life — genes, blueprints, biological machines — is deeply incomplete.
Get How Life Works: https://amzn.to/46dQRMlBiology isn’t built from instructions. It’s built from self-organising systems that sense, evaluate, predict and act. Cognition didn’t start with brains. Purpose isn’t mystical. And causation may not live where we think it does.
Expect to learn why genes aren’t in control, how cells make decisions without neurons, what combinatorial explosion means for biology, why self-organisation shapes development, how agency emerges from physics, and what all of this means for consciousness — and much more…
Timestamps
00:00 The Evolution of Biological Understanding
04:54 Rethinking Genes and Their Functions
10:59 The Complexity of Biological Systems
15:50 Metaphors in Biology: The Need for New Narratives
25:12 Robustness in Biological Systems
30:26 Hierarchies and Interactions in Biology
35:36 The Impact of Genetic Mutations
38:09 Redundancy and Compensation in Biological Systems
39:26 Understanding Noisy Cellular Activity
43:53 The Role of Noise in Cell Differentiation
46:45 Navigating Developmental Landscapes
49:48 Canalization and Robustness in Biology
53:27 The Dynamics of Energy Landscapes in Biology
57:01 Self-Organization and Developmental Goals
01:00:52 The Interplay of Genes and Non-Equilibrium Systems
01:10:54 The Limitations of Genetic Metaphors
01:12:36 Understanding Causal Emergence
01:15:19 Neural Networks and Causal Power
01:17:29 The Complexity of Protein Functions
01:21:05 Cognition Across Biological Systems
01:23:32 The Future of Biology Education
01:29:30 Rethinking Genetic Determinism
01:33:17 Agency and Meaning in Biology
01:44:40 Continuity of Agency in Biological Systems
01:47:02 Defining Genuine Agency in Proteins
01:50:55 Exploring Sentience and Awareness in Cells
01:56:53 Ethical Considerations in Generative Biology
01:59:51 The Future of Synthetic Biology and Regulation
...
Episodes Mentioned
Meet the MIT Neuroscientist Showing Brain Waves Are the Secret Engine Behind Consciousness: https://youtu.be/7OFb-NG3jIw
Meet the Scientist Creating New Forms of Synthetic Life! Dr Michael Levin: https://youtu.be/LTBZRVKUwyM
Sponsors:
Get 1 Week Free of ConsensusAi: https://get.consensus.app/giantsshoulder1
Mind Labs Pro Scientifically Rigorous Supplements: https://www.mindlabpro.com/?a_aid=67fd1cb8d9ad3&a_bid=6d45f5c3
️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Get How Life Works: https://amzn.to/46dQRMlBiology isn’t built from instructions. It’s built from self-organising systems that sense, evaluate, predict and act. Cognition didn’t start with brains. Purpose isn’t mystical. And causation may not live where we think it does.
Expect to learn why genes aren’t in control, how cells make decisions without neurons, what combinatorial explosion means for biology, why self-organisation shapes development, how agency emerges from physics, and what all of this means for consciousness — and much more…
Timestamps
00:00 The Evolution of Biological Understanding
04:54 Rethinking Genes and Their Functions
10:59 The Complexity of Biological Systems
15:50 Metaphors in Biology: The Need for New Narratives
25:12 Robustness in Biological Systems
30:26 Hierarchies and Interactions in Biology
35:36 The Impact of Genetic Mutations
38:09 Redundancy and Compensation in Biological Systems
39:26 Understanding Noisy Cellular Activity
43:53 The Role of Noise in Cell Differentiation
46:45 Navigating Developmental Landscapes
49:48 Canalization and Robustness in Biology
53:27 The Dynamics of Energy Landscapes in Biology
57:01 Self-Organization and Developmental Goals
01:00:52 The Interplay of Genes and Non-Equilibrium Systems
01:10:54 The Limitations of Genetic Metaphors
01:12:36 Understanding Causal Emergence
01:15:19 Neural Networks and Causal Power
01:17:29 The Complexity of Protein Functions
01:21:05 Cognition Across Biological Systems
01:23:32 The Future of Biology Education
01:29:30 Rethinking Genetic Determinism
01:33:17 Agency and Meaning in Biology
01:44:40 Continuity of Agency in Biological Systems
01:47:02 Defining Genuine Agency in Proteins
01:50:55 Exploring Sentience and Awareness in Cells
01:56:53 Ethical Considerations in Generative Biology
01:59:51 The Future of Synthetic Biology and Regulation
...
Episodes Mentioned
Meet the MIT Neuroscientist Showing Brain Waves Are the Secret Engine Behind Consciousness: https://youtu.be/7OFb-NG3jIw
Meet the Scientist Creating New Forms of Synthetic Life! Dr Michael Levin: https://youtu.be/LTBZRVKUwyM
Sponsors:
Get 1 Week Free of ConsensusAi: https://get.consensus.app/giantsshoulder1
Mind Labs Pro Scientifically Rigorous Supplements: https://www.mindlabpro.com/?a_aid=67fd1cb8d9ad3&a_bid=6d45f5c3
️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde 8 Minuten
Dr. Josh Bongard is a computer scientist, roboticist, and co-creator of Xenobots — the world’s first living robots made from frog cells, capable of movement, healing, and even self-replication.
Together with biologist Michael Levin, Bongard’s work is upending some of biology’s most sacred assumptions: that DNA is a blueprint, that the brain is the seat of intelligence, and that only neurons can think. In his lab at the University of Vermont, he’s building AI-designed organisms that challenge our understanding of life, agency, intelligence, and what it means to be a self.
Expect to learn how a pile of skin cells assembled itself into a replicating robot, why biology may be cognitive all the way down, how AI is learning to design living systems from scratch, why memory and learning might emerge in systems without brains, why the illusion of consciousness could be evolution’s greatest trick, how Xenobots are influencing the future of robotics and synthetic life, what moral standing these beings might eventually require, and why your high school biology textbook may have gotten almost everything wrong
…
Timestamps:
00:00 The Birth of Xenobots
03:08 Understanding Xenobots: Science and Implications
05:57 Cognition and Intelligence: A New Perspective
08:53 Defining Consciousness and Self-Awareness
12:09 Memory and Learning in Xenobots
14:46 The Nature of Experience and Reality
18:00 Exploring Agency and Adaptation
20:52 The Future of Xenobots and Robotics
28:10 The Evolution of Robotics: Learning from Biology
30:21 Human-Like Adaptability in Robots
33:10 Xenobots: The Future of Self-Replication
37:38 Understanding Agency in Xenobots
40:47 The Challenge of Defining Agency
43:35 Ethical Considerations of Xenobots
45:07 AI and the Future of Biological Robotics
47:43 The Role of AI in Understanding Biology
52:05 The Potential of AI in Biological Discoveries
55:15 The Moral Implications of Synthetic Life
01:00:01 Future of Food and Ethical Eating
...
Episodes Mentioned: Challenging a Famous Neuroscientist On When Consciousness First Emerged: https://youtu.be/ZnasmLpY5_8
Meet the Scientist Who Mathematically Proved Reality is an Illusion! Round 2: https://youtu.be/kTKE8eLo8CU
Philip Ball: Why Quantum Mechanics is NOT What you think, Consciousness, Brain Organoids, AI & Life!: https://youtu.be/nNbG5lnp51E
️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
Together with biologist Michael Levin, Bongard’s work is upending some of biology’s most sacred assumptions: that DNA is a blueprint, that the brain is the seat of intelligence, and that only neurons can think. In his lab at the University of Vermont, he’s building AI-designed organisms that challenge our understanding of life, agency, intelligence, and what it means to be a self.
Expect to learn how a pile of skin cells assembled itself into a replicating robot, why biology may be cognitive all the way down, how AI is learning to design living systems from scratch, why memory and learning might emerge in systems without brains, why the illusion of consciousness could be evolution’s greatest trick, how Xenobots are influencing the future of robotics and synthetic life, what moral standing these beings might eventually require, and why your high school biology textbook may have gotten almost everything wrong
…
Timestamps:
00:00 The Birth of Xenobots
03:08 Understanding Xenobots: Science and Implications
05:57 Cognition and Intelligence: A New Perspective
08:53 Defining Consciousness and Self-Awareness
12:09 Memory and Learning in Xenobots
14:46 The Nature of Experience and Reality
18:00 Exploring Agency and Adaptation
20:52 The Future of Xenobots and Robotics
28:10 The Evolution of Robotics: Learning from Biology
30:21 Human-Like Adaptability in Robots
33:10 Xenobots: The Future of Self-Replication
37:38 Understanding Agency in Xenobots
40:47 The Challenge of Defining Agency
43:35 Ethical Considerations of Xenobots
45:07 AI and the Future of Biological Robotics
47:43 The Role of AI in Understanding Biology
52:05 The Potential of AI in Biological Discoveries
55:15 The Moral Implications of Synthetic Life
01:00:01 Future of Food and Ethical Eating
...
Episodes Mentioned: Challenging a Famous Neuroscientist On When Consciousness First Emerged: https://youtu.be/ZnasmLpY5_8
Meet the Scientist Who Mathematically Proved Reality is an Illusion! Round 2: https://youtu.be/kTKE8eLo8CU
Philip Ball: Why Quantum Mechanics is NOT What you think, Consciousness, Brain Organoids, AI & Life!: https://youtu.be/nNbG5lnp51E
️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
1 Stunde
Dr. Tommy Wood is a neuroscientist and performance expert who trains the brains of elite Formula 1 drivers and studies how cognitive resilience can be built—and rebuilt—across a lifetime.From premature birth to world championship podiums, Tommy’s work spans the full arc of brain health, human performance, and cognitive decline. He’s also at the forefront of research into cutting-edge brain stimulation, virtual reality training, and the science of flow and resilience.Expect to learn what separates F1 drivers from the rest of us, why most brain training is a scam (and what actually works), the surprising role of virtual reality in cognitive development, why recovery and adaptation are more important than optimization, how elite performers manipulate arousal to access clutch states, why Sudoku doesn’t make you smarter, how executive function and decision-making can be trained like a muscle, the truth about brain stimulation (tDCS, TMS, vagus nerve) and what’s still pseudoscience, how dancing and martial arts might save your brain, and why cognitive decline is far from inevitable—and what to do to slow or even reverse it.Timestamps:00:00:00 Meet the Neuroscientist Training Formula 1 Drivers00:03:42 The Science Behind Split-Second Decision-Making at 200mph00:05:15 What Sets F1 Brains Apart From the Rest of Us?00:06:20 Is High Performance Born or Built?00:10:13 Why Obsession With Outcomes Can Hurt Your Brain00:11:26 Cognitive Optimization: What’s Real, What’s a Scam?00:13:12 Near vs Far Transfer: How Real Is Brain Training?00:17:01 The Best Activities for Boosting Brain Plasticity00:18:21 Why Complex Skill Learning Is the New Brain Hack00:19:20 How F1 Drivers Train Executive Function Without Driving00:22:09 Optimizing Recovery to Enhance Mental Performance00:23:21 Virtual Reality as the Future of Cognitive Training00:27:14 Why Real-World Complexity Trumps Gamified Drills00:30:00 Can VR Really Make You a Better Athlete?00:33:03 The Secret Behind Federer’s “Average” Reflexes00:34:11 Brain Stimulation in High Performance: Where Are We Now?00:39:41 Flow vs Clutch: What Actually Drives Performance?00:42:00 What Flow Feels Like in a Formula 1 Car00:45:03 Flow Is Overrated for Learning: Here’s Why00:46:34 The “Rule of Thirds” of Human Performance00:47:08 Understanding How and Why the Brain Declines With Age00:48:05 Allostasis: How the Brain Balances Change Over Time00:49:02 Does Routine Shrink the Brain?00:50:04 Can We Reverse Cognitive Aging?00:51:04 Tau, Amyloid and the Story of Dementia00:51:57 Resilience and Reserve: Your Brain’s Emergency Buffer00:53:16 What Triathlons Can Teach Us About Brain Longevity00:53:49 Aerobic vs Resistance Training for Brain Health00:54:54 White Matter and Why Lifting Weights Builds Intelligence00:55:22 The Surprising Brain Benefits of Dance, Martial Arts and Sport00:56:32 The Future of Brain Health: Stimulate or Decline00:57:13 Why Your Cognitive Destiny Is More Controllable Than You Think00:57:59 You Don’t Need Gadgets to Save Your Brain00:58:27 TMS, VR, Movement: The Future of Neurostimulation00:58:43 Final Reflections From the Brain Coach of Formula 1...️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Sponsors:Mind Labs Pro Scientifically Rigorous Supplements: https://www.mindlabpro.com/?a_aid=67fd1cb8d9ad3&a_bid=6d45f5c3Get Professional High Quality Talk Therapy at BetterHelp. 10% off your first month of therapy with this link - https://betterhelp.com/giantsshoulder (Paid Partnership by BetterHelp)Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/
