On the Procrustean analogue of individual differences scaling (INDSCAL)

In this paper, individual differences scaling (INDSCAL) is
revisited, considering INDSCAL as being embedded within a hierarchy
of individual difference scaling models. We explore the members of
this family, distinguishing (i) models, (ii) the role of
identification and substantive constraints, (iii) criteria for
fitting models and (iv) algorithms to optimise the criteria. Model
formulations may be based either on data that are in the form of
proximities or on configurational matrices. In its configurational
version, individual difference scaling may be formulated as a form
of generalized Procrustes analysis. Algorithms are introduced for
fitting the new models. An application from sensory evaluation
illustrates the performance of the methods and their solutions.